Download the Southwest Savanna chapter [PDF] of the Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin. This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the ecological and socioeconomic conditions for the Southwest Savanna. It also identifies important planning and management considerations and suggests management opportunities that are compatible with the ecology of the landscape. The tabs below provide additional information.
Please note that each of these topics is covered in much more detail in the Southwest Savanna chapter [PDF].
Physical & Biotic Environment | Socioeconomic Conditions | Considerations for Planning & Management
| Physical & Biotic Environment | |
|---|---|
|
Size |
1,950 square miles (1,248,126 acres); 3.5% of the land area of Wisconsin. |
|
Climate |
Typical of southern Wisconsin; the mean growing season is 153 days, mean annual temperature is 45.6 deg. F, mean annual precipitation is 35.2, and mean annual snowfall is 39.9 inches. However, the Southwest Savanna has the fourth longest growing season, the most precipitation, the third lowest snowfall, and second warmest January low temperature among Ecological Landscapes in the state. The climate tends to be warmer in the southwestern part of the state, which affects the ecology of the Southwest Savanna and also makes it suitable for most agricultural uses. 80% of this Ecological Landscape is devoted to row crops, small grains, and pastures. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Bedrock |
The Southwest Savanna Landscape is underlain by sedimentary bedrock, especially dolomites and sandstones. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Geology & Landforms |
The Southwest Savanna is part of Wisconsin's Driftless Area, a region that has not been glaciated for at least the last 2.4 million years. The topography is characterized by broad, open ridgetops, deep valleys, and steep, wooded slopes. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Soils |
Soils on hilltops are silt loams mostly silt loams. In some areas soils are shallow, with bedrock or stony red clay subsoil very close to or at the surface. In other locales the ridgetops have a deep cap of loess-derived silt loam (these are the most productive agricultural soils). Valley soils include alluvial sands, loams, and occasionally, peats. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Hydrology |
The drainage patterns of streams in the Southwest Savanna are dendritic, which is a pattern characteristic of unglaciated regions but absent or uncommon in most of Wisconsin. Flowing waters include warmwater rivers and streams, coldwater streams, and springs. Natural Lakes are virtually absent, though there are a few associated with the floodplains of the larger rivers. Natural lakes are rare but there are a few in the floodplains of the larger rivers, such as the Pecatonica. Impoundments and reservoirs have been constructed on some rivers and streams, and check dams have been built in ravines to hold storm and snow runoff. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Current Landcover |
Agricultural crops (corn, soybeans, small grains, hay) cover 70% of this Ecological Landscape, with lesser amounts of grassland (mostly pasture), forest, and residential areas. The major forest types are oak-hickory and maple-basswood. Prairie remnants of varying quality persist in a few places, mostly on rocky hilltops or slopes that are too steep to farm. Some pastures have never been plowed, and those that historically supported prairie may retain remnants of the former prairie flora. Pastures with scattered open-grown oaks still exist in some areas, mimicking oak savanna structure. A complement of native plants persists in some of these pastured savannas. Learn more from the chapter [PDF] |
|
Socioeconomic Conditions
(based on data from Iowa, Grant, Lafayette, and Green counties) |
|
|---|---|
|
Population |
123,899, 2.2% of the state total |
|
Population Density |
39 persons/ sq. mile |
|
Per Capita Income |
$28,795 |
|
Important Economic Sectors |
Retail trade (15.2%); government (14.0); agriculture, fishing & hunting (13.8%); and manufacturing (non-wood) (9.1%) were the most important sectors in 2007 reflecting high dependence on retail trade, government and agriculture. Agriculture and residential development have the largest impact on the natural resources in the Ecological Landscape at this time. |
|
Public Ownership |
About 96.5% of the land in the Southwest Savanna is privately owned while 3.5% belongs to state, county, or municipal governments. State-owned lands include Parks, Wildlife Areas, Fisheries Areas, Natural Areas, and one Recreation Area. These include Belmont Mound, New Glarus Woods, and Yellowstone Lake State Parks; part of Blue Mounds State Park; Browntown-Cadiz Springs State Recreation Area; Hardscrabble Prairie State Natural Area; Mount Vernon Creek State Fishery Area; and Yellowstone Lake State Wildlife Area. A map showing public land ownership (county, state, and federal) and private lands enrolled in the Forest Tax Programs in this Ecological Landscape can be found at the end of this chapter. |
|
Other Notable Ownerships |
The Wisconsin Chapter of The Nature Conservancy has several active projects here, including Thomson Memorial Prairie and Barneveld Prairie. Three chapters of The Prairie Enthusiasts (Southwest Wisconsin, Empire-Sauk, and Prairie Bluff) have been very active in this Ecological Landscape and have at least 10 projects underway in the Southwest Savanna. Pheasants Forever and the National Wild Turkey Federation are also very active in this Ecological Landscape. |
| Considerations for Planning & Management | |
|---|---|
The need for partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and private individuals are critical as less than 1% of the Ecological Landscape is publicly owned. Coordinated management of large areas will be difficult because of ownership patterns and the prevalence of intensively used agricultural land. Remnant prairies and savannas are small and often isolated, but in a few areas there are opportunities to develop partnerships that will accommodate a mix of active cropland, pasture, conservation reserve program lands, and reserves that feature high quality prairie and savanna remnants or other habitats known to be especially important to rare or otherwise sensitive species, including streams. The Southwest Wisconsin Grassland and Stream Conservation Area, a cooperative project involving many public and private partners, encompasses one of the best locations to accomplish this and is an excellent place in which to focus some of the grassland protection efforts at larger scales. Learn more about management opportunities from the chapter [PDF] |
The following species are listed according to their probability of occurring in the Southwest Savanna Ecological Landscape, based on the findings in Wisconsin's 2015 Wildlife Action Plan.
See the key to association scores [PDF] for complete definitions.
(Please see also the Significant Flora [PDF] and the Significant Wildlife [PDF] sections in the Southwest Savanna chapter).
| Amphibians | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Blanchard's Cricket Frog | Acris blanchardi | 3 |
| Pickerel Frog | Lithobates palustris | 3 |
| Ants, wasps, and bees | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Rusty-patched Bumble Bee | Bombus affinis | 3 |
| American Bumble Bee | Bombus pensylvanicus | 2 |
| Silphium Terminal Gall Wasp | Antistrophus silphii | 2 |
| A Cuckoo Bee | Epeolus ainsliei | 1 |
| An Anthophorid Bee | Neolarra vigilans | 1 |
| Yellow Bumble Bee | Bombus fervidus | 1 |
| Aquatic and terrestrial snails | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Broad-banded Forestsnail | Allogona profunda | 2 |
| Cherrystone Drop | Hendersonia occulta | 2 |
| Wing Snaggletooth | Gastrocopta procera | 2 |
| Brilliant Granule | Guppya sterkii | 1 |
| Dull Gloss | Zonitoides limatulus | 1 |
| Hubricht's Vertigo | Vertigo hubrichti | 1 |
| Smooth Coil | Helicodiscus singleyanus | 1 |
| Beetles | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| A Hydroporus Diving Beetle | Heterosternuta wickhami | 3 |
| A Predaceous Diving Beetle | Cybister fimbriolatus | 3 |
| A Predaceous Diving Beetle | Neoporus hybridus | 3 |
| A Riffle Beetle | Stenelmis musgravei | 3 |
| A Water Scavenger Beetle | Cymbiodyta toddi | 3 |
| A Leaf Beetle | Pachybrachis atomarius | 2 |
| A Leaf Beetle | Cryptocephalus cuneatus | 2 |
| A Predaceous Diving Beetle | Platambus confusus | 2 |
| A Water Scavenger Beetle | Agabetes acuductus | 2 |
| A Leaf Beetle | Pachybrachis peccans | 1 |
| A Leaf Beetle | Saxinis omogera | 1 |
| A Leaf Beetle | Altica litigata | 1 |
| A Pear-shaped Weevil | Trichapion perforicolle | 1 |
| A Pear-shaped Weevil | Coelocephalapion decoloratum | 1 |
| A Pear-shaped Weevil | Sayapion segnipes | 1 |
| A Riffle Beetle | Stenelmis antennalis | 1 |
| Ghost Tiger Beetle | Ellipsoptera lepida | 1 |
| Sandy Stream Tiger Beetle | Ellipsoptera macra | 1 |
| Virginia Big-headed Tiger Beetle | Tetracha virginica | 1 |
| Birds | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Bell's Vireo | Vireo bellii | 3 |
| Bobolink | Dolichonyx oryzivorus | 3 |
| Dickcissel | Spiza americana | 3 |
| Eastern Meadowlark | Sturnella magna | 3 |
| Grasshopper Sparrow | Ammodramus savannarum | 3 |
| Henslow's Sparrow | Ammodramus henslowii | 3 |
| Northern Bobwhite | Colinus virginianus | 3 |
| Short-eared Owl | Asio flammeus | 3 |
| Upland Sandpiper | Bartramia longicauda | 3 |
| Vesper Sparrow | Pooecetes gramineus | 3 |
| Western Meadowlark | Sturnella neglecta | 3 |
| Yellow-breasted Chat | Icteria virens | 3 |
| Common Nighthawk | Chordeiles minor | 2 |
| Loggerhead Shrike | Lanius ludovicianus | 2 |
| Red-headed Woodpecker | Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 2 |
| Rusty Blackbird | Euphagus carolinus | 2 |
| Acadian Flycatcher | Empidonax virescens | 1 |
| American Woodcock | Scolopax minor | 1 |
| Cerulean Warbler | Setophaga cerulea | 1 |
| Eastern Whip-poor-will | Antrostomus vociferus | 1 |
| Kentucky Warbler | Geothlypis formosa | 1 |
| Least Flycatcher | Empidonax minimus | 1 |
| Long-eared Owl | Asio otus | 1 |
| Purple Martin | Progne subis | 1 |
| Red-shouldered Hawk | Buteo lineatus | 1 |
| Worm-eating Warbler | Helmitheros vermivorum | 1 |
| Butterflies and moths | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Regal Fritillary | Speyeria idalia | 3 |
| A Noctuid Moth | Bagisara gulnare | 2 |
| Abbreviated Underwing Moth | Catocala abbreviatella | 2 |
| Ottoe Skipper | Hesperia ottoe | 2 |
| A Noctuid Moth | Dichagyris reliqua | 1 |
| Cross Line Skipper | Polites origenes | 1 |
| Gorgone Checker Spot | Chlosyne gorgone | 1 |
| Leadplant Flower Moth | Schinia lucens | 1 |
| Whitney's Underwing Moth | Catocala whitneyi | 1 |
| Dragonflies and damselflies | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Clamp-tipped Emerald | Somatochlora tenebrosa | 1 |
| Hine's Emerald | Somatochlora hineana | 1 |
| Plains Emerald | Somatochlora ensigera | 1 |
| Royal River Cruiser | Macromia taeniolata | 1 |
| Sioux (Sand) Snaketail | Ophiogomphus smithi | 1 |
| Spangled Skimmer | Libellula cyanea | 1 |
| Springwater Dancer | Argia plana | 1 |
| Fishes | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Slender Madtom | Noturus exilis | 3 |
| Gravel Chub | Erimystax x-punctatus | 2 |
| Ozark Minnow | Notropis nubilus | 2 |
| Black Buffalo | Ictiobus niger | 1 |
| Black Redhorse | Moxostoma duquesnei | 1 |
| Least Darter | Etheostoma microperca | 1 |
| Grasshoppers and allies | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Bog Conehead | Neoconocephalus lyristes | 3 |
| Handsome Grasshopper | Syrbula admirabilis | 3 |
| Short-winged Grasshopper | Dichromorpha viridis | 3 |
| A Spur-throat Grasshopper | Melanoplus foedus | 2 |
| Ash-brown Grasshopper | Trachyrhachys kiowa | 2 |
| Club-horned Grasshopper | Aeropedellus clavatus | 2 |
| Green-streak Grasshopper | Hesperotettix viridis | 2 |
| Obscure Grasshopper | Opeia obscura | 2 |
| Plains Yellow-winged Grasshopper | Arphia simplex | 2 |
| Seaside Grasshopper | Trimerotropis maritima | 2 |
| Spotted-winged Grasshopper | Orphulella pelidna | 2 |
| Black-striped Katydid | Scudderia fasciata | 1 |
| Blue-legged Grasshopper | Melanoplus flavidus | 1 |
| Delicate Meadow Katydid | Orchelimum delicatum | 1 |
| Gladston's Spur-throat Grasshopper | Melanoplus gladstoni | 1 |
| Grizzly Spur-throat Grasshopper | Melanoplus punctulatus | 1 |
| Mermiria Grasshopper | Mermiria bivittata | 1 |
| Scudder's Short-winged Grasshopper | Melanoplus scudderi | 1 |
| Showy Grasshopper | Hesperotettix speciosus | 1 |
| Speckled Rangeland Grasshopper | Arphia conspersa | 1 |
| Stone's Locust | Melanoplus stonei | 1 |
| Velvet-striped Grasshopper | Eritettix simplex | 1 |
| Leafhoppers and true bugs | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| A Leafhopper | Memnonia panzeri | 3 |
| A Leafhopper | Kansendria kansiensis | 3 |
| Prairie Leafhopper | Polyamia dilata | 3 |
| A Leafhopper | Driotura robusta | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Cuerna sayi | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Laevicephalus vannus | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Attenuipyga vanduzeei | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Paraphlepsius nebulosus | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Prairiana angustens | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Prairiana cinerea | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Prairiana kansana | 2 |
| A Planthopper | Myndus ovatus | 2 |
| An Issid Planthopper | Bruchomorpha extensa | 2 |
| Red-tailed Prairie Leafhopper | Aflexia rubranura | 2 |
| Yellow Loosestrife Leafhopper | Erythroneura carbonata | 2 |
| A Leafhopper | Paraphlepsius altus | 1 |
| A Leafhopper | Flexamia prairiana | 1 |
| A Seed Bug | Slaterobius quadristriata | 1 |
| An Issid Planthopper | Fitchiella robertsonii | 1 |
| Mammals | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Big Brown Bat | Eptesicus fuscus | 3 |
| Little Brown Bat | Myotis lucifugus | 3 |
| Prairie Deer Mouse | Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii | 3 |
| Eastern Pipistrelle | Perimyotis subflavus | 2 |
| Franklin's Ground Squirrel | Poliocitellus franklinii | 2 |
| Northern Long-eared Bat | Myotis septentrionalis | 2 |
| Woodland Vole | Microtus pinetorum | 2 |
| Prairie Vole | Microtus ochrogaster | 1 |
| Silver-haired Bat | Lasionycteris noctivagans | 1 |
| Water Shrew | Sorex palustris | 1 |
| Mayflies | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| A Common Burrower Mayfly | Pentagenia vittigera | 3 |
| A Flat-headed Mayfly | Macdunnoa persimplex | 3 |
| Fox Small Square-gilled Mayfly | Cercobrachys fox | 3 |
| Pecatonica River Mayfly | Acanthametropus pecatonica | 3 |
| A Small Minnow Mayfly | Paracloeodes minutus | 2 |
| Wisconsin Small Square-gilled Mayfly | Cercobrachys lilliei | 2 |
| A Brush-legged Mayfly | Homoeoneuria ammophila | 1 |
| A Mayfly | Ameletus lineatus | 1 |
| Winnebago Small Square-gilled Mayfly | Cercobrachys winnebago | 1 |
| Mussels and clams | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Elktoe | Alasmidonta marginata | 1 |
| Reptiles | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Lined Snake | Tropidoclonion lineatum | 3 |
| North American Racer | Coluber constrictor | 3 |
| Blanding's Turtle | Emydoidea blandingii | 2 |
| Gophersnake | Pituophis catenifer | 1 |
| Gray Ratsnake | Pantherophis spiloides | 1 |
| Plains Gartersnake | Thamnophis radix | 1 |
| Timber Rattlesnake | Crotalus horridus | 1 |
| Western Wormsnake | Carphophis vermis | 1 |
The Natural Heritage Inventory has developed scores indicating the degree to which each of Wisconsin's rare plant species is associated with a particular natural community or ecological landscape. This information is similar to that found in the Wildlife Action Plan for animals. As this is a work in progress, we welcome your suggestions and feedback.
Scores: 3 = "significantly associated," 2 = "moderately associated," and 1 = "minimally associated."
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Arnoglossum plantagineum | Prairie Indian-plantain | 3 |
| Asclepias lanuginosa | Woolly Milkweed | 3 |
| Camassia scilloides | Wild Hyacinth | 3 |
| Cirsium hillii | Hill's Thistle | 3 |
| Diarrhena obovata | Ovate Beak Grass | 3 |
| Echinacea pallida | Pale Purple Coneflower | 3 |
| Lechea mucronata | Hairy Pinweed | 3 |
| Lespedeza leptostachya | Prairie Bush Clover | 3 |
| Napaea dioica | Glade Mallow | 3 |
| Pediomelum esculentum | Prairie Turnip | 3 |
| Thaspium trifoliatum var. flavum | Purple Meadow Parsnip | 3 |
| Agalinis gattingeri | Roundstem Foxglove | 2 |
| Asclepias purpurascens | Purple Milkweed | 2 |
| Baptisia tinctoria | Yellow Wild-indigo | 2 |
| Boechera dentata | Short's Rock-cress | 2 |
| Botrychium campestre | Prairie Dunewort | 2 |
| Carex laevivaginata | Smooth-sheathed Sedge | 2 |
| Chaerophyllum procumbens | Spreading Chervil | 2 |
| Cuscuta coryli | Hazel Dodder | 2 |
| Cuscuta polygonorum | Knotweed Dodder | 2 |
| Gymnocarpium robertianum | Limestone Oak Fern | 2 |
| Hydrophyllum appendiculatum | Great Water-leaf | 2 |
| Jeffersonia diphylla | Twinleaf | 2 |
| Melica nitens | Three-flowered Melic Grass | 2 |
| Nuphar advena | Yellow Water Lily | 2 |
| Paronychia canadensis | Smooth Forked Nail-wort | 2 |
| Prenanthes crepidinea | Nodding Rattlesnake-root | 2 |
| Scutellaria ovata ssp. ovata | Heart-leaved Skullcap | 2 |
| Silene virginica | Fire Pink | 2 |
| Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata | October Lady's-tresses | 2 |
| Triphora trianthophora | Nodding Pogonia | 2 |
| Aplectrum hyemale | Putty Root | 1 |
| Besseya bullii | Kitten Tails | 1 |
| Carex prasina | Drooping Sedge | 1 |
| Cypripedium candidum | White Lady's-slipper | 1 |
| Desmodium perplexum | Perplexed Tick-trefoil | 1 |
| Hydrastis canadensis | Golden-seal | 1 |
| Juglans cinerea | Butternut | 1 |
| Phemeranthus rugospermus | Prairie Fame-flower | 1 |
| Platanthera flava var. herbiola | Pale Green Orchid | 1 |
| Polystichum acrostichoides | Christmas Fern | 1 |
| Polytaenia nuttallii | Prairie Parsley | 1 |
| Prenanthes aspera | Rough Rattlesnake-root | 1 |
| Silene nivea | Snowy Campion | 1 |
| Spiranthes magnicamporum | Great Plains Lady's-tresses | 1 |
| Sullivantia sullivantii | Sullivant's Cool-wort | 1 |
| Valeriana edulis var. ciliata | Hairy Valerian | 1 |
| Verbena simplex | Narrow-leaved Vervain | 1 |
The Southwest Savanna Ecological Landscape contains opportunities to manage for the following natural communities, based on the findings in the 2015 Wildlife Action Plan (originally presented by the Ecosystem Management Team).
See the key to association scores [PDF] for complete definitions.
The Southwest Savanna was once dominated by fire-dependant natural communities representing the continuum of prairie, oak savanna, oak woodland and oak forest. Now dominated mostly by agricultural lands, and with less than one percent in public ownership, this landscape still offers good opportunities to maintain expansive grassland and savanna habitats through public / private partnerships. Restoration and management of the entire continuum of fire-dependent natural communities native to southern Wisconsin is possible here.
This is arguably Wisconsin's best ecological landscape to manage grasslands at large scales. Native grasslands are rare here, as they are throughout the upper Midwest. However, some of the scattered remnants support rare plants, invertebrates, herptiles, birds and other animals. In addition, abundant surrogate grasslands can provide the scale needed by area-sensitive species and in some cases can connect isolated prairie patches. Large areas of surrogate grasslands can buffer prairie and savanna remnants from more intensively managed land, and there are sometimes opportunities to embed remnants within large acreages of CRP, fallow agricultural land, pasture, or cropland. The surrogate grasslands may also provide missing environmental gradients of soil types, soil moisture, slope and aspect, which may be needed for the vegetation to adapt to long-term environmental changes.
The Wisconsin Natural Resources Board recently approved a project that will protect and restore grassland and stream habitats in this Ecological Landscape: the "Southwest Wisconsin Grasslands and Streams Conservation Area." The project boundary encompasses high-priority grasslands, prairies, savanna remnants and watersheds across parts of southern Iowa, northern Lafayette, southwest Dane and far northwestern Green counties. This project represents major habitat management opportunities via numerous private-public partnerships.
Extensive areas of grazed but never plowed oak savanna occur at several locations in the Southwest Savanna. Survey needs include the identification of prairie remnants, unplowed prairie and savanna pastures and other sites with diverse native flora. Floristically diverse remnants adjoining or embedded within extensive surrogate grasslands will offer the best restoration and management opportunities.
Rivers and streams here afford opportunities to manage and conserve native aquatic species and their habitats as well as recreational opportunities. The identification of aquatic habitats known to support sensitive species provides a starting point on which to focus restoration and protection efforts. Some sites will offer good opportunities to merge terrestrial and aquatic conservation projects.
Miscellaneous management opportunities in the Southwest Savanna include scattered hardwood forests, conifer relicts, springs and spring runs and rare species populations. At some sites there are good opportunities to maintain, restore and manage these features, including restoration of oak forests that are succeeding to more shade and browse-tolerant species. Conifer relicts could be mapped and monitored. The long-term viability of these relicts, especially Hemlock Relicts, is unknown and needs further investigation.
1. The text presented here is a summarized version of a longer section developed for the Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin.
Also see the statewide maps.
Landtype Associations (LTAs) are units of the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (NHFEU), a hierarchical ecological land classification system. LTAs are much smaller than Ecological Landscapes, ranging in size from 10,000 and 300,000 acres. In Wisconsin, they are usually based on glacial features like individual moraines or outwash plains. LTAs can be very useful for planning at finer scales within an Ecological Landscape.
The following are the LTAs associated with the Southwest Savanna Ecological Landscape. The Southwest Savanna LTA map [PDF] can be used to locate these LTAs. Clicking on an LTA in the list below will open a data table for that LTA in PDF format. Descriptions are included, where available.
Map of Wisconsin's 16 Ecological Landscapes