Butternut (Juglans cinerea)

Life history

Species overview

Butternut (Juglans cinerea), a Wisconsin Special Concern plant, is found in mesic hardwoods and riparian hardwood forests. Blooming occurs April to June; fruiting occurs October. The optimal identification period for this species is all year.

Synonyms: Wallia cinerea

Identification

Distinguishing characteristics: Distinguished from other genera by chambered pith. Distinguished from J. nigra by leaves with terminal leaflet present and dense pad of hairs above leaf scar.
Flower characteristics: Male catkins greenish, 8 to 12 cm long; female flowers in short spikes terminating branches, red, 4 to 7 cm long.
Fruit characteristics: Ovoid nut approximately 6 cm long and with 2 to 4 longitudinal ridges.
Leaf characteristics: Alternate, pinnately compound, 40 to 75 cm long and with 11 to 17 nearly sessile leaflets; terminal leaflet present.

Phenology

Blooming phenology: April to June
Fruiting phenology: October
Optimum time to identify: The optimal identification period for this species is all year

Other

Growth form: Tree
Vegetative reproduction:
Life cycle: Perennial
Comments: Associated Species: Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Claytonia virginiana, Solidago caesia.

State status

Status and Natural Heritage Inventory documented occurrences in Wisconsin

The table below provides information about the protected status - state and federal - and the rank (S and G Ranks) for Butternut (Juglans cinerea). See the Working List Key for more information about abbreviations. Counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory database. The map is provided as a general reference of where this species has been found to date and is not meant as a range map.

Documented locations of Juglans cinerea in the Natural Heritage Inventory Database as of July 2015.

Summary Information
State Status	SC
Federal Status in Wisconsin	none
State Rank	S2S3
Global Rank	G3
Tracked by NHI	Y

Habitats and landscapes

The Natural Heritage Inventory has developed scores indicating the degree to which each of Wisconsin's rare plant species is associated with a particular natural community or ecological landscape. This information is similar to that found in the Wildlife Action Plan for animals. As this is a work in progress, we welcome your suggestions and feedback.

General habitat information

Habitat description: Found in mesic hardwoods and riparian hardwood forests.
Soils: Sandy loam soils.

Natural communities

This table lists the natural communities that are associated with Butternut. Scores for natural community associations are: "significant" association (score=3), "moderate association" (score=2) or the species can be present but is only weakly associated with the community (score=1).

Natural communities	score
Northern Mesic Forest--young seral	3
Northern Mesic Forest--early seral	3
Northern Mesic Forest--mid seral	3
Northern Mesic Forest--late seral	3
Southern Hardwood Swamp	1
Floodplain Forest	2
Southern Dry-mesic Forest	2
Southern Mesic Forest	3

Ecological landscapes

This table lists the ecological landscape association scores for Butternut. The scores (3=High, 2=Moderate, 1=Low, 0=None) also correspond to the map.

Map of the Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin.

Ecological landscape	score
Central Lake Michigan Coastal	2
Central Sand Hills	2
Central Sand Plains	2
Forest Transition	3
North Central Forest	3
Northeast Sands	1
Northern Highland	1
Northern Lake Michigan Coastal	1
Northwest Lowlands	1
Northwest Sands	1
Southeast Glacial Plains	3
Southern Lake Michigan Coastal	1
Southwest Savanna	1
Western Coulee and Ridges	3

Species guidance

The Endangered Resources Program has developed avoidance measures and management guidelines for plants on the Natural Heritage Working List. These are a work in progress, and we welcome your suggestions and feedback. Sources used in developing this information can be found here.

Avoidance measures

These are specific actions designed to avoid "take" (mortality) of this species.

Avoid locating landings, staging areas, or access routes on or near known populations.
Avoid known individual plant locations and conduct operations elsewhere when they are least likely to cause damage. Ideally, this would involve frozen, snow-covered ground. However, in areas of the state where frozen conditions are unreliable, very dry soils late in the growing season might be the best available alternative. Consult with a biologist, if needed.
Avoid broadcast spraying of herbicides; use care with spot spraying.

Management guidance

Management guidelines are additional considerations that may help maintain or enhance habitat for this species

The primary threat to this species is a fungal disease called Butternut canker. If healthy individuals are observed in an area where the disease has already spread, please notify your local District Ecologist or NHI staff for specific recommendations. These individuals may provide important information on disease resistance and future conservation.
Although maintaining high overall forest canopy is important, silvicultural techniques which open small gaps in the canopy may be beneficial to this species.