Photo by Ryan O'Connor
- WDNR
State Rank: S2 Global Rank: G4? what are these ranks?
Southern hardwood swamp is a forested wetland community type found in insular basins with seasonally high water tables. This type is best developed in glaciated southeastern Wisconsin but was not of large extent even prior to EuroAmerican settlement. Finley (1976) classified less than 1% of southeastern Wisconsin as lowland hardwood forest, and this figure includes bottomland forests along rivers as well as southern hardwood swamps in closed basins. Dominant tree species are silver maple (Acer saccharinum), red maple (Acer rubrum), hybrids of red and silver maples (e.g., Acer X freemanii), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Associate tree species may include swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) and their hybrids, basswood (Tilia americana), and American elm (Ulmus americana), all of which may be a significant part of the canopy or subcanopy in sites impacted by emerald ash borer. Black ash may be present in southern hardwood swamps but is usually not dominant across the site. The groundlayer is often dominated by species typical of floodplain forests such as Virginia wild-rye (Elymus virginicus), white grass (Leersia virginica), common wood-reed (Cinna arundinacea), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), and Ontario aster (Symphyotrichum ontarionis). Southern hardwood swamps are also noted for a high component of lianas, including poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and grapes (Vitis spp.). In the relatively undisturbed sites, there can be a rich spring flora. Microtopographic differences account for the existence of patches of spring ephemerals as well as many wetland species. The exotic reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) has become dominant in the understory of many hardwood swamps.
This Natural Heritage Inventory community type partly includes the "southern wet-mesic forest" of the Curtis (1959) classification, although this Curtis type also includes the more common hardwood swamps usually maintained by groundwater seepage and dominated by black ash, red maple, American elm, and yellow birch. Curtis referred to this conglomerate type as "lacustrine forests" due to their frequent occurrence on lakeplains, both around the margins of larger existing lakes and on extinct glacial lakes, although southern hardwood swamps also occur in lower-lying portions of till plains that may not have held ponded water for any significant length of time during or after glaciation. Southern hardwood swamps are not restricted to southern Wisconsin, the name rather refers to their similarly to swamps more commonly found in the southern Midwest, especially those of the poorly drained till plains along the Ohio River valley.
Defining Characteristics and Similar Communities
Southern hardwood swamps are characterized by their seasonally high water tables that usually dry out by late summer, location in basins not associated with major rivers, and flora that is intermediate between floodplain forests and more northern hardwood swamps. They are distinguished from northern hardwood swamps by their vertically fluctuating water levels rather than a relatively stable supply of groundwater, thus lower proportion of peat (muck) soils due to soil drying out by mid-late summer allowing organic matter to decompose. They also tend to have a higher component of plant species that prefer these hydrologic conditions, such as those commonly found in floodplain forests (see description), whereas northern hardwood swamps have a higher prevalence of species preferring saturated soils such as marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), swamp raspberry (Rubus pubescens), orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), purple-stemmed aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum), lake sedge (Carex lacustris), blue-joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) as well as groundwater-loving species like bristle-stalked sedge (Carex leptalea), American golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium americanum), and swamp saxifrage (Micranthes pensylvanica).
Southern hardwood swamps can be differentiated from floodplain forests by their occurrence in lakeplain basins or low-lying till plains rather than along major rivers (though they may occur near small streams), thus their water is supplied by rain and snowmelt rather than by overbank flooding. The lateral water movement in floodplain forests also leads to scouring, silt deposition and removal of organic detritus, processes that don't occur in southern hardwood swamps.
The following Species of Greatest Conservation Need are listed according to their level of association with the Southern Hardwood Swamp natural community type, based on the findings in Wisconsin's 2015 Wildlife Action Plan.
Scores: 3 = high association, 2 = moderate association, and 1 = low association. See the key to association scores for complete definitions.
| Amphibians | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Four-toed Salamander | Hemidactylium scutatum | 3 |
| Pickerel Frog | Lithobates palustris | 2 |
| Aquatic and terrestrial snails | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Deep-throated Vertigo | Vertigo nylanderi | 1 |
| Beetles | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| A Predaceous Diving Beetle | Hydrocolus persimilis | 2 |
| A Water Scavenger Beetle | Hydrochara leechi | 2 |
| Birds | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Rusty Blackbird | Euphagus carolinus | 3 |
| American Woodcock | Scolopax minor | 2 |
| Yellow-crowned Night-Heron | Nyctanassa violacea | 2 |
| Black-crowned Night-Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | 1 |
| Least Flycatcher | Empidonax minimus | 1 |
| Long-eared Owl | Asio otus | 1 |
| Red-shouldered Hawk | Buteo lineatus | 1 |
| Dragonflies and damselflies | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Swamp Darner | Epiaeschna heros | 3 |
| Hine's Emerald | Somatochlora hineana | 1 |
| Grasshoppers and allies | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Bog Conehead | Neoconocephalus lyristes | 1 |
| Spotted-winged Grasshopper | Orphulella pelidna | 1 |
| Mammals | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Little Brown Bat | Myotis lucifugus | 2 |
| Northern Long-eared Bat | Myotis septentrionalis | 2 |
| Water Shrew | Sorex palustris | 2 |
| Woodland Jumping Mouse | Napaeozapus insignis | 2 |
| Big Brown Bat | Eptesicus fuscus | 1 |
| Eastern Pipistrelle | Perimyotis subflavus | 1 |
| Northern Flying Squirrel | Glaucomys sabrinus | 1 |
| Silver-haired Bat | Lasionycteris noctivagans | 1 |
| Reptiles | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Blanding's Turtle | Emydoidea blandingii | 2 |
| Eastern Massasauga | Sistrurus catenatus | 2 |
| Timber Rattlesnake | Crotalus horridus | 2 |
| Wood Turtle | Glyptemys insculpta | 2 |
| Gray Ratsnake | Pantherophis spiloides | 1 |
Please see Section 2. Approach and Methods of the Wildlife Action Plan to learn how this information was developed.
The Natural Heritage Inventory has developed scores indicating the degree to which each of Wisconsin's rare plant species is associated with a particular natural community or ecological landscape. This information is similar to that found in the Wildlife Action Plan for animals. As this is a work in progress, we welcome your suggestions and feedback.
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Carex crus-corvi | Ravenfoot Sedge | 2 |
| Cuscuta glomerata | Rope Dodder | 1 |
| Juglans cinerea | Butternut | 1 |
| Nyssa sylvatica | Black Tupelo | 2 |
| Viburnum cassinoides | Northern Wild-raisin | 2 |
The following Ecological Landscapes have the best opportunities to manage for Southern Hardwood Swamp, based on the Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin Handbook.
| Ecological Landscape | Opportunity |
|---|---|
| Southeast Glacial Plains | Important |
| Southern Lake Michigan Coastal | Important |
| Central Lake Michigan Coastal | Present |
Major (3 on map)
A major opportunity for sustaining the natural community in the Ecological Landscape exists, either because many significant occurrences of the natural community have been recorded in the landscape or major restoration activities are likely to be successful maintaining the community's composition, structure, and ecological function over a longer period of time.
Important (2 on map)
Although the natural community does not occur extensively or commonly in the Ecological Landscape, one to several occurrences do occur and are important in sustaining the community in the state. In some cases, important opportunities may exist because the natural community may be restricted to just one or a few Ecological Landscapes within the state and there may be a lack of opportunities elsewhere.
Present (1 on map)
The natural community occurs in the Ecological Landscape, but better management opportunities appear to exist in other parts of the state.
Conservation actions respond to issues or threats, which adversely affect species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) or their habitats. Besides actions such as restoring wetlands or planting resilient tree species in northern communities, research, surveys and monitoring are also among conservation actions described in the WWAP because lack of information can threaten our ability to successfully preserve and care for natural resources.
Threats/issues and conservations actions for natural communities
The following are additional considerations for Southern Hardwood Swamp in Ecological Landscapes with opportunities for protection, restoration, and/or management. For more information, see the Wildlife Action Plan.
The North Unit of the Kettle Moraine State Forest includes some acreage of the southern hardwood swamp community type, though the area also includes species such as yellow birch and occasionally northern white cedar that are typically found in northern hardwood swamps. In this Ecological Landscape, the southern hardwood swamp type tends to be transitional to more northern types; this may be, in part, a tension zone effect. The Cedarburg Bog area contains occurrences of this type adjacent to conifer bogs, and they are also found in a hydrologically connected wetland to the north of the string bogs. Huiras Lake in Washington County is a site with swamp hardwoods occurring around an undeveloped lake and its associated conifer swamp. Intact or high-quality hardwood swamps are very rare. More survey work and better documentation are needed, and restoration techniques should be developed for degraded sites.
Whitnall Park Woods, in the city of Franklin and village of Hales Corners, contains patches of southern hardwood swamp. Limited opportunities occur in some of the basins and perhaps in association with smaller streams which lack well-developed floodplains. Additional inventory work is needed.
Click to view a larger version. Please considering donating your photos to the Natural Heritage Conservation Program for educational uses. Photo use
Large green ash and scattered Freeman's maple dominate a hardwood swamp on level, mineral soil at Collins Marsh SWA.
Photo by Ryan O'Connor.
Freeman's maple (Acer X freemanii) is common in southern hardwood swamps in Wisconsin.
Photo by Ryan O'Connor.
Note: photos are provided to illustrate various examples of natural community types. A single photograph cannot represent the range of variability inherent in a given community type. Some of these photos explicitly illustrate unusual and distinctive community variants. The community photo galleries are a work in progress that we will expand and improve in the future.