Woody Plants & Vines Assessment Summary Table

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Species	Common Name	P¹	R²	W³	NR⁴	ii⁵	SAG Final Recommended Classification	SAG comments (bold is recommended, italics are comments from DNR staff)⁶	Council Recommendation 10-17-07
¹ number of prohibited votes, ² number of restricted votes, ³ number of caution votes, ⁴ number of non-restricted votes, ⁵ number of insufficient information, ⁶ part of the recommendation, the non-bold text comment from the group
WOODY PLANTS & VINES
SAG Members- Mic Armstrong-McKay Nursery, Margie Brzeskiewicz- USFS, Robert Dahl- DATCP, Jeff Edgar- Silver Creek Nurseries, Miles Falck- Great Lakes Indian Fish Wildlife Commission, Laura Jull- UW Horticulture, Gigi LaBudde- Community Forest Research Center, Jim Reinartz- UW Milwaukee, Mike Yanny- Johnson Nursery ; Facilitator - Dain Maddox- USFS; DNR Staff - Thomas Boos, Division of Forestry ; Meeting Date - 9-17-07, conference call 10-5-07; Other Attendees - Brian Swingle- Wisconsin Nurserymens Assoc., John Zehrer and Phil Mueller- Star Valley Flowers, Kelly Kearns- DNR
Ailanthus altissima	Tree of heaven	3	5	1			RESTRICTED	3 -This is a species that is not in commercial production. 4 - If there is a non-suckering root stock then there would a use for a seedless cultivar of this species. 5 - Found only in a few places not usually inhabited by any native or non-native species, but it has the potential to.	RESTRICTED
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata	Porcelain berry	6		3			PROHIBITED	3 - Variegated cultivar is less aggressive but still is invasive. 4- One nursery sells about $500 per year, cultivar elegans is in commerce, stopped growing species because of invasiveness, I grew elegans, it comes out true from seed, did not seem to be a problem compared to the species but did not think it was worth the risk. 9-Prevention best strategy is to replace sales with native, non invasive vines.	PROHIBITED
Celastrus orbiculatus	Oriental bittersweet	3	6				RESTRICTED	Restricted with permit for sale of cut bittersweet by floriculture industry. Some concern about the risk of distributing seed as part of cut floral arrangements. There is also doubt about the viability of fruits distributed as part of these arrangements. "Suggest DNR or other researchers take uncleaned fruit and assess germination" - Mike Yanny. 3 - Used heavily as a cut branch by the nursery/florist industry (need for permits). 4 - Only found in disturbed areas, if it was shown to be present in undisturbed areas, would have rated it higher. Important economic impacts. 2 - Has been found in some undisturbed areas. 7 - Often mis-labeled as the native, you can buy this species from mail order operations, listed as "improved American bittersweet". 6- Costly to control as it resprouts with vigor.	RESTRICTED with permit- come back to WCIS with permit language after working with growers
Cytisus scoparius	Scotch broom	9					PROHIBITED	1 - Lots of sensitive habitats in the north, concerned that it could spread rapidly in these areas. 3 - Not hardy or present in WI. 4 - Only one plant reported in WI, it should be eradicated. It is probably not hardy in WI. 9 - concerned about long seed viability and high rate of spread, could be a problem in barrens areas. 5 - Under current status and distribution, only one plant found in WI.	PROHIBITED
Dioscorea oppositifolia	Chinese yam	7		1	1		PROHIBITED	3 - Not in commercial trade in WI.	PROHIBITED
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Russian Olive	3	4	2			RESTRICTED	1 - Not widely sold, limited distribution, documented impacts. 3 - Very prone to disease, short lived, not grown much anymore. 4- Don't see evidence of there being significantly large populations, never seen large populations in the wild in WI, problems with verticillium and canker disease make it unlikely that it would ever become widespread in WI. These same problems are likely the reason for its decline in use by the landscape industry. 5 - Low enough populations that it could be eradicated by us or by nature, too disease prone to be a viable landscape plant. 7 - There is a native olive, commutata , it would be good to educate people about the difference. 9 - Because it is a pioneer species out competing natives and sprouting from root species, it is a problem in riparian areas. It is already listed in many other states, we should follow suit.	RESTRICTED
Elaeagnus umbellata	Autumn olive	2	7				RESTRICTED	1 - It’s a little more widespread than Russian, seen more often in natural areas. Limited distribution with little economic value, worthwhile to restrict sales. 3 - Not commercially grown, very invasive in Michigan. 4 - Too widespread to prohibit, DNR used to sell this species in their wildlife packets. 7 - The DNR used to sell a USDA released cultivars, Cardinal and Red Wing, which are still available if you are a legitimate nursery, and it is still promoted to hunters as a habitat species. Ted Nugent Loves It! It is important to educate about the similarities with native species. 8 - Autumn olive spineless cultivar has reverted back to the naturalized plants that bear 1"-2" sharp thorns making removal even more unpleasant. 9 - Banned or prohibited in 4 eastern states.	RESTRICTED
Frangula alnus	Glossy buckthorn		8	1			RESTRICTED	Recommendation of ii for the cultivars asplenifolia and Ron Williams; if data is available, a rating will be made. Establishing the non-viability of Ron Williams should be a priority. Request for information should come from an official source. 1 - This species is a big threat to northern forests though it is not as widespread as in the south. There is still a good oppurtunity to contain this species in northern WI. It is locally abundant in north and is spread by birds. 2 - Damage potential is extremely high in high quality calcareous wetlands 3 - Very invasive in wetlands. Ron Williams (fine line) and asplenifolia are two commercially important cultivars, the aspenifolia has been shown in research from Vermont to have very low seed viability, less than 5%. Ron Williams (fine line) has not been scientifically proven to produce non-viable seed, tests are inconclusive. Ron Williams does produce a lot of fruit. 4 - Possile permit for interstate sales, one large nursery sells $30,000 to $40,000 per year out of state. Concerned that native species of buckthorn could be extincted in Wi. 5 - associating frangula with cathartica could lower demand, guilt by association. 7 - Possible exemption for asplenifolia cultivar. Suggest that columnaris is addressed specifically as restricted.	RESTRICTED include columnaris "tall hedge" as restricted
Humulus japonicus	Japanese hops	5	3	1			Done by herbaceous group	This species should be evaluated by the herbaceous. There is a lot of confusion about this species and lupulus species. Ed Hasselkus comments maybe referring to lupulus cultivar. 3 - Not very common. 4 - Don't know of any growers producing this, seems to be confusion about cultivars of the various species of humulus. This plant should be in the herbaceous section - more expertise in that area. 5 - The information in the handouts is conflicting: annual? Perennial? produces seeds or not? If it does produce seeds, could it become an important garden plant for brewers? 7 - There are some native humulus, important to educate eradicators. 9 - Lacking information. This was added to the Herbaceous plant list, see below for recommendation.
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle	7	1	1			PROHIBITED	3 - Not commercially grown much in WI. 4 - Marginally hardy, haven't seen anyone growing it in WI, and haven't seen it anywhere in WI. 5 - According to the information provided it is only located in a couple areas in Milwaukee county, so it doesn't seem to a problem in many areas. 7 - Educate about similar native species.	PROHIBITED
Lonicera maackii	Amur honeysuckle	3	6				RESTRICTED	Possible regional prohibition in northern WI. May be more widespread than information indicates. 1 - Very limited distribution in northern WI, but lots of potential habitat. 3 - Not commercially grown, very widespread. 7 - Educate the eradicators about similar native species. 9- This plant has serious implications to the forest products industry.	RESTRICTED
Lonicera tatarica, L. morrowii, L. bella	European bush honeysuckles		9				RESTRICTED	1 - Locally abundant in the north, lots of potential habitat. Restricting the sale will reduce introductions into areas. 3 - all three species are very invasive. Cultivars, in particular Arnold Red, is invasive per Dr. Harold Pellett from University of MN. 4 - Socio economic impact unclear.5 Prevention and control - very difficult, like separating pepper and fly specs. Because L. Tartarica is an old plant, removal of planting in private landscapes maybe difficult unless owners could be convinced. Would there be any concerns about historic plantings? 7 - Damage potential- there are some native honeysuckle, there should an education program so natives are not wiped out during invasive control.	RESTRICTED
Paulownia tomentosa	Princesstree	5	1	2	1		PROHIBITED	Prohibited with permit for botanical specimen at Olbrich Botanical Gardens. 3 - It is not typically grown in WI. It dies back to the ground most years, not fully hardy. It is very invasive in the Southern US. 4 - Seriously doubt the trees will produce seed in Wig. At Olbrich Botanical Gardens the plant has never lived above ground through the winter. It is a valuable dieback plant for landscaping in WI. It is so far out of its range that it would be like restricting bananas. 5 - Even though these shouldn't be a threat, keep them out just in case. The only nursery selling these went bankrupt.	PROHIBITED no permit, or add other gardens
Pinus sylvestris	Scotch pine			5	4		NON-RESTRICTED	1 - Concerned about spreading in natural areas in northern WI, especially in rare ecosystems like Moquah Barrens. No problem with exemption for Christmas trees. Now is the time to contain species that are not yet widespread. 3- This a major Christmas tree species, dwarf cultivars are not invasive at all, and are commercially important. the species is generally very pest prone (insects and diseases). 4 - This species would be relatively easy to prevent and control, have cut plants in nursery with no re-sprouting, no herbicide would likely be necessary. Very economically important species, one Christmas tree grower sold $400,000 annually. 7 - There should be exemptions for cultivars.	NON-RESTRICTED
Polygonum perfoliatum	Mile-a minute vine	9					PROHIBITED	Herbaceous group should take a look at this one. 3 - Not commercially grown. 4 - Herbaceous group should look at this species (annual). 5 - From the information provided, it is an annual and produces seed quickly, should be moved to the herbaceous. 9 - Prohibited or banned in 6 eastern states and has no economic benefit, check reference regarding medicinal use. Herbaceous group did not rate this species.	PROHIBITED
Pueraria montana	Kudzu	9					PROHIBITED	3 - Not hardy and not commercially grown 4 - If it was hardy it would be bad. 5 - It probably won't be able to live here, but the potential of becoming impossible to control once established should keep it out of WI. 7 - Do we really know the hardiness, could become a problem if hardiness changes.	PROHIBITED
Pyrus calleryana	Callery pear	1	1	4	3		NON-RESTRICTED	3 - Commercially important species, many cultivars. I have never seen this species become invasive in WI, not hardy in north. Isolated plants do produce fruit, but have never observed seedling development. 4 - There is no significant distribution recorded in WI. No Significant destructive populations recorded anywhere in undisturbed areas. I have been growing plants for 30 years and have never observed significant establishment of seedlings, juvenile plants are less hardy that grafted plants, which means seedlings would be considerably less hardy than mature plants. Its removal from commerce would have significant negative economic consequences for many nursery and landscape businesses.	NON-RESTRICTED
Quercus acutissima	Sawtooth oak	4	1	1	3		PROHIBITED	1 - Get the word out to wildlife people. 3 - Not invasive here, not commercially grown, barely hardy. 4- Tried growing seedlings, couldn't get them to over-winter, especially not hardy as a seedling. Don't know of anyone who is growing it. 5 - Only being grown by one nursery in Kenosha county, 3 in Northern Illinois, doesn't seem to be an important landscape plant. 7 - The turkey federation promote this species, we don't need it, there are better quercus for WI wildlife. 9 - Education needed for the public, especially wild turkey federation.	PROHIBITED
Rhamnus cathartica	Common buckthorn		9				RESTRICTED	1 - Locally abundant, but lots of potential range in the north woods, like to see it restricted. 3- Not commercially grown and very invasive. 4 - Too abundant to prohibit. 5 - Actually a good plant because it gets people to work together against a common foe. 7- Educate the eradicators, there are similar natives. 9 - Easy to spot, makes some control possible.	RESTRICTED
Rosa multiflora	Multiflora rose		9				RESTRICTED	How will this be reconciled with the inclusion of multiflora rose in the Nuisance Weed Law? We recognize that because it is difficult to identify, it is impractical to enforce restrictions on multiflora rose used as root stock. 3 - Root stock used in budding hybrid tea roses. 4 - There should be an exemption for plants on multiflora understock. 6- Not used as rootstock anymore.	RESTRICTED
Rubus phoenicolasius	Wineberry	6	1	2			PROHIBITED	1 - not present in WI yet, prohibit. 3 - Not commercially grown, never seen it. 4 - Had it at our nursery and eradicated it because it was so aggressive.	PROHIBITED
Vincetoxicum nigrum	Black swallow-wort	9					PROHIBITED	Possible regional restricted designation where widespread. 1 - May be hard to eradicate, possible regional designation in areas where it cannot be eradicated. 3 - Not commercially grown, never seen it. 9 - like the common name "dog strangling vine" instead of black swallow wort	PROHIBITED
Vincetoxicum rossicum	Pale swallow-wort						PROHIBITED	3 - Not commercially grown, never seen it.	PROHIBITED
SUMMARY: TOTAL SPECIES: 22 Prohibited = 11, Restricted = 9, Non-Restricted = 2, ii = 1 (Herbaceous group did it)

Herbaceous Plants Summary Table

This table is also available for download [PDF 22KB].

Species	Common Name	P¹	R²	W³	NR⁴	ii⁵	SAG Final Recommended Classification	SAG comments (bold is recommended, italics are comments from DNR staff)⁶	Council Recommendation 10-17-07
¹ number of prohibited votes, ² number of restricted votes, ³ number of caution votes, ⁴ number of non-restricted votes, ⁵ number of insufficient information, ⁶ part of the recommendation, the non-bold text comment from the group
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
SAG Members- Clarissa Hammond- DATCP, James merriman- WDOT, Jerry Doll- UW-Madison, Steve Richter-TNC, Steve Garske- Great Lakes Indian Fish Wildlife Commission, Bob Weihrouch-NRCS, Craig Annen- Integrated Restorations, Doug Bastian- Seed Solutions, Dick Garbe – Shady Acres Nursery, John Stier- Turf grass professor; Facilitator -Mindy Habecker, UW-Extension; DNR Staff - Kelly Kearns, Endangered Resources ; Meeting Date - 9-25-07, 10-5-07; Other Attendees - John Petty for Bastian, Dan Undersander came for second meeting.
Alliaria petiolata	Garlic mustard		9				RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Most populations in the north are small and containable still. Need further information about distribution and abundance in north. Gather during public input process.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Anthriscus sylvestris	Wild chervil	5		1			PROHIBITED	Small locally abundant populations in a few southern counties. One small population near the Ottawa Nat. Forest (MI). Would like to prohibit it to attempt to contain it. In early stage of invasion.	PROHIBITED
Belamcanda chinensis	Blackberry Lily	2	1	2	3		CAUTION	Commercially grown as an ornamental and used in the cut flower industry. Generally spreads rhizomaticly, but fairly slowly. Large seed produced, not spread very far. More info needed on spread, impacts and economic value.	CAUTION
Berteroa incana	Hoary alyssum		1	3	5		NON-RESTRICTED	One of many common pasture weeds. Not much damage caused by it. Horses typically don't eat it.	NON-RESTRICTED
Bunias orientalis	Hill Mustard	8					PROHIBITED	Two known sites in Green Co., one being contained. On Green Co. prohibited list. Can become a monoculture. Large, long-lived seed bank. Could get in hayfields or CRP.	PROHIBITED
Campanula rapunculoides	Creeping bellflower	6	2				RESTRICTED	Seems to ba primarily in urban areas. Some large patches in Vilas Co. forests and scattered along the Bad River floodplain. Difficult to control. Not known to be sold commercially in WI.	RESTRICTED
Carduus acanthoides	Plumeless thisle	1	8				RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Southwest is the hotbed for this species. Tapers off to N. and E. Could be feasible to prohibit in some counties.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Carduus nutans	Musk thistle		9				RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Could be practical to prohibit in northern counties.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Centaurea biebersteinii	Spotted knapweed		9				RESTRICTED	Concensus on Restricted	RESTRICTED
Centaurea solstitialis	Yellow star thistle	6		2			PROHIBITED	First introduced in 1958, not yet widespread. Records indicate separate introductions. Cound be accidentally introduced with hay. Herbicide resistant biotype exists in NM.	PROHIBITED
Chelidonium majus	Celandine	6		2			RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Not wide-spread yet but very persistant where found. Spreads out from urban areas into oak woodlands/savannas. Competes with spring ephemerals. No known history of use in the nursery industry. Records show it is known in 14 counties - too widespread for prohibited? Need more information on distribution and abundance - gather during public input process. Recommend more research on this species.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Cirsium arvense	Canada thistle	1?	8				RESTRICTED	Concensus on Restricted. Currently on state noxious weed list.	RESTRICTED
Cirsium palustre	European marsh thistle	6	1	1			PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED	Will determine counties where restricted is needed. Fairly common on roadsides in Florence and Forest Counties. Can be found in wetlands far from roads. Monocarpic perennial. Builds up large seed bank. Difficult to eradicate. Worse than all the other thistles put together. Carpets the ground with rosettes. Shade tolerand to full sun. Any moist to wet soils. Best to eradicate in new areas. Not present in most counties.	PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED
Conium maculatum	Poison hemlock	7		1			PROHIBITED	Abundant in disturbed areas in S. and C. IL and in soybeans in IL. Only a few small populations known in WI. Eradication may not be possible, but it is worth trying.	PROHIBITED
Cynoglossum officinal	Hound's tongue	2	5	1			RESTRICTED	Concensus on restricted.	RESTRICTED
Dipsacus laciniatus	Cut-leaved teasel	1	7				PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Suggests a permit for cut flower growers to use/sell. Only known site in N. WI is being eradicated. Relatively easy to control.	PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED
Dipsacus sylvestris	Common teasel		8				PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Suggests a permit for cut flower growers to use/sell. More common on roadsides than laciniatus. Relatively easy to control.	PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED
Epilobium hirsutum	Hairy willow herb	8		1			PROHIBITED	Persistant where found, need to keep it contained. At Chiwaukee regular control each year keeps it from spreading but has not eradicated it. Seeds like crazy. Not being grown commercially.	PROHIBITED
Epipactis helleborine	Helliborine orchid		5	1			RESTRICTED	Sccattered in hardwood forests. Locally abundant near L. MI and in the UP. Abundant in logged aspen forests. May be restricted to sandy soils.	RESTRICTED
Euphorbia cyparissias	Cypress spurge		5	3			RESTRICTED	Large patches mostly in disturbed areas. Generally spreads by rhizomes. Not currently sold in WI, mostly old-time plantings. A cultivar with red foliage, Fen's Ruby, is grown and reported to spread by rhizomes. Not known if it is sold in WI. Nursery industry OK with restricted and doesn't see a need to exempt the cultivar.	RESTRICTED
Euphorbia esula	Leafy spurge	1	8				RESTRICTED	Exceedingly difficult to control. Currently on state noxious weed list.	RESTRICTED
Galeopsis tetrahit	Hemp Nettle	1	6				RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. Common in N. WI along roadsides, logged areas, somewhat disturbed forests. Tolerant of full sun and shade, moist to dry soils. Probably has a large seed bank. The dominant herb in some forests. Appears to be suppressing forest regeneration in Oneida Co. May follow earthworm invasions. Find more info about distribution in S. counties where it may be able to be prohibited.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Glyceria maxima	Tall manna grass	6	1				PROHIBITED	Only known in a few locations. Very aggressive. Variegata cultivar stays short. One person reported it spread vegetatively from flower beds. Commercially grown in WI in past, perhaps not anymore. Nursery industry OK with prohibited.	PROHIBITED
Heracleum mantegazzianum	Giant hogweed	9					PROHIBITED	Human health threat. On Federal Noxious Weed List	PROHIBITED
Hesperis matronalis	Dame's rocket		9				RESTRICTED	Concensus on Restricted	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED- possibly prohibit up north
Humulus japonicus	Japanese Hops	5		2			PROHIBITED	Seems to act as an annual and perennial. Spread extensively after flooding in Root River, MN. Now established in parts of the Upper Mississippi River. Much hybridization in hops. Variegatas cultivar grown as an ornamental. No one in WI known to grow or sell it.	PROHIBITED
Lepidium latifolium	Perennial pepperweed	8					PROHIBITED	Need more info on presence in adjacent states.	PROHIBITED
Lespedeza cuneata	Sericea lespedeza	8					PROHIBITED	Possibly not persisting in WI, but very persistant in SE IA.	PROHIBITED
Lymus arenarius	Lyme grass	7					PROHIBITED	A few nurseries currently grow it as an ornamental grass, but nursery industry is OK with prohibited.	PROHIBITED
Lythrum salicaria	Purple loosestrife		9				RESTRICTED	No one known to be producing it in WI	RESTRICTED
Microstegium vimineum	Japanese stilt grass	8					PROHIBITED	Not yet known in WI. Likely to spread very fast once present. Annual forest grass	PROHIBITED
Pastinaca sativa	Wild parsnip		8				RESTRICTED	Exemption for garden vegetable needed. May be possible to prohibit in some counties if not yet present?	RESTRICTED
Phalaris arundinacea	Reed canary grass	2			6		PENDING	Will try to get labeling requirement into DATCP seed rule revision. Originally recommended non-restricted, switched to pending. An estimated 1/2 million acres harvested for hay or mulch in WI yielding >$80 million. Perhaps 10,000 to 20,000 pounds seed sold for hay fields/year. Used for bioremediation and potentially for biofuel. Concern that if it was put on the restricted list with broad exemptions for agriculture, the farming public would not understand the details and would object to any restrictions. SAG to meet soon to further discuss possible restrictions.	PENDING
Phragmites australis	Phragmites, Common reed	1	7				RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED	Will determine counties where prohibited is possible. May not yet be present in some northern counties. Need more info on distribution of native vs. exotic ecotypes. Herbarium records don't distinguish between them. Recommend that someone searches herbarium specimens to determine ecotypes. Would like to allow growing and selling the native ecotype. May need exemptions or permits.	RESTRICTED/ PROHIBITED
Polygonum cuspidatum	Japanese knotweed	2	6				RESTRICTED	No one known to be producing it in WI, possibly growers in MI. Compactum cultivar is widely used as a ground cover and spreads by rhizomes, probably not by seed. Nursery industry would like to see it prohibited, but too widespread. Compactum is male and may be able to hybridize with the species. Major efforts to eradicate this around the state. Serious problem on shorelines.	RESTRICTED Add hybrids for both
Polygonum sachalinense	Giant knotweed	6					PROHIBITED	Spreading in Bayfield Co. May be able to hybidize with cuspidatum or with Compactum. Hybrids are sold but are believed to be sterile.	PROHIBITED
Tanacetum vulgare	Tansy	1	7	1	1		RESTRICTED	Exemptions recommended for Crispum & Aureum cultivars. Crispum is aggressive vegetatively, but not by seed. Cut flower growers use this extensively.	RESTRICTED cultivars-take back to SAG group
Torilis arvensis	Spreading hedge parsley	6		2			PROHIBITED	Difficult to distinquish in the field. Could already be here. Habitat might be able to be used to distinguish it from japonicus.The 2 members who initially ranked it 'W' were not here for the discussion.	PROHIBITED
Torilis japonicus	Japanese hedge parsley	1	8				PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED	Will determine counties where restricted is needed. Spreads incredibly fast. Persistant. Difficult to control large patches. Northern and central counties beware!	PROHIBITED/ RESTRICTED
Typha angustifolia	Narrow-leaf cattail		9				RESTRICTED	Probably no nurseries selling it. Possibly could be useful for bioremediation or biofuels. Not much can be done to control it.	RESTRICTED
Typha x glauca	Hybrid cattail		9				RESTRICTED	Generally sterile. Very aggressive by rhizomatic spread.	RESTRICTED
SUMMARY: TOTAL SPECIES: 41 Prohibited = 14, Restricted = 14, Prohibited/Restricted= 4, Restricted/Prohibited= 6, Caution= 1, Non-Restricted = 1, Pending= 1

Last Revised: Wednesday April 23 2008